During fasting and exercise, which hormones rise to increase blood glucose?

• A. Insulin
• B. Growth hormone
• C. Cortisol
• D. Glucagon and adrenaline

Answer: (D)

When the body needs energy quickly during fasting or exercise, the focus is on hormones that push the liver to release glucose. Glucagon, released when blood sugar drops, signals the liver to break down stored glycogen and to produce new glucose, rapidly raising blood glucose. Adrenaline (epinephrine), released in response to stress or physical activity, also triggers quick glycogen breakdown and glucose release, providing an immediate glucose supply for working muscles.

Cortisol and growth hormone can support glucose availability by promoting gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose uptake, but their effects are slower and more long-term compared with the rapid push from glucagon and adrenaline. Insulin would actually lower blood glucose, so it doesn’t contribute to the rise in this context.